Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a mental disorder that is characterized by strong and season dependent fluctuations in mood. Most common is a shift between depressive symptoms on the autumn/winter (winter depression), and remission or even manic behavior of the spring/summer. Seasonal Affective Disorder is a depression that occurs regularly over a given season (usually autumn/winter). Equally regularly, the symptoms disappear completely. Common symptoms of the depressive phase are a melancholic mood; increased need for sleep; impaired social, physical and/or sexual activity; modified (usually increased) appetite with changed eating behavior (sugar needed) and weight gain; premenstrual tension; concentration difficulties or often a combination of these.

Color therapy is referred to the treatments in which the effect of color on the human psyche is used. This will be achieved by the room color scheme and through the use of colored light. Different approaches in art therapy, and the anthroposophic art therapy, are attributable to the creative activity itself and the immediate effect of color without being, however, explicitly referred to as color therapy. There are now first quantitative studies on effects of light therapy for specific diseases. In addition, no scientific studies are known, on which the various theoretical approaches could be based on color therapy. The light therapy, such as the use of infrared light…

Cognitive therapy is a form of psychotherapy that was established during the 1960s and which concentrates on illustrating how a patient more or less unconscious awareness mechanisms affect his thoughts and feelings. The cognitive therapy took shape in the 1960s by the American psychiatry professor and psychoanalyst Aaron T. Beck. By observing how depressed patients think, he discovered common traits in the form of automatic thoughts of a negative nature and systematic misinterpretation of reality. This insight forms the basis of the therapy. Inspired by philosophers such as Socrates, Immanuel Kant, and Seneca, as well as by psychologists like Jean Piaget and Abraham Maslow, it developed in Beck’s theory of…

The Space Race means the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in the astronautics field between 1957 and 1975. This peaceful struggle started with the first artificial satellites, and the first human spaceflight, sending space probes to explore the planets closest to the Earth and culminated with sending astronauts to the Moon. The space race was a manifestation of the Cold War, which the two superpowers started from the end of the Second World War and was first manifested in the arms race with the development of the first atomic bombs, long-range bombers, and missiles capable of carrying nuclear weapons. The space race started when the Soviets…

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a fundamental lack of respect for the rights of others, lack of ability to feel guilt and of not caring about social norms. People with this disorder are often involved in criminal activities. Psychopathy is often perceived as a grave variant of antisocial personality disorder. People with antisocial personality disorder show a lack of remorse or empathy. This is shown in indifference to having hurt, stolen from, or betrayed someone. They are also often very manipulative and impulsive. The disorder is much more common in men than in women. A review of 1993 by the American writer Patricia B. Sutker said that 3% of…

Parapsychology is the study of alleged paranormal phenomena. The study objects include extra sensory perception (ESP), psychokinesis, and consciousness surviving after death. Para psychologists call these phenomena psi, a neutral term that does not stipulate any causes of the phenomena or experiences of it. Parapsychological research includes a variety of methods, including laboratory and field studies, and is conducted at a number of universities and independent institutions worldwide. Such research are typically published in journals such as Journal of Parapsychology and the European Journal of Parapsychology, but has also appeared in journals such as Psychological Bulletin, Foundations of Physics, and the British Journal of Psychology. Parapsychological experiments have been conducted…

Acrophobia (in different technical languages ??also referred to as Altophobia or Hypsophobie) is a fear of heights or fear of depths. It is recognized as a so-called anxiety disorder, which belongs to the sphere of phobias. The name derives from the Greek word ????? “Akros,” which means the summit, tip, or height. Acrophobia occurs, inter alia, in the towers, high mountains, slopes, on bridges, high-rise buildings, balconies, ladders, etc. Acrophobia is sometimes combined with other anxiety disorders, such as the fear of death. Acrophobia can also be involved in the fear of flying. However, it is not the same. By definition, the fear of the opposite situation is inappropriate because…

The social cognitive theory (also called socio-cognitive learning theory or model learning) refers to a learning process that proceeds according to a process developed by Albert Bandura concept into four processes, which are divided into two phases: acquisition and execution. In addition, the social cognitive theory assumes that the expectations, which an observer has, are crucial in determining whether he actually mimics the behavior of a model. A person’s behavior is then imitating the model when the person expects pleasant consequences or believes it can reduce unpleasant. There are thus expected behavioral consequences to an incentive for behavior. Example: A student expects success from using a cheat sheet because his…

Throughout the history of mankind labor dynasties were a norm. Shoemaker’s son became a shoemaker, the son of a baker became a baker. In India, this system was enshrined in the concept of the caste. In Europe, the dynastic concepts were more flexible, social lifts – good or bad – still worked. The brave soldier of the townspeople could get a knighthood, and then pass it inherited… The main proponents of the dynastic principle were, of course, the monarchs. They sought to transfer their power from generation to generation. In what, in fact, most of them succeed. Change of the dynasty is an extremely rare event in the historical background.…

Jean-Paul Sartre, born June 21, 1905 in Paris, died April 15, 1980 in Paris, was a French writer, intellectual, and philosopher. He was awarded but declined the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1964. Sartre is considered to be a founder of existentialism. His first novel, La Nausée came in 1938, and Sartre then produced a variety of literary, political, and philosophical works. After the World War II, Sartre also founded Les Temps Modernes, his own journal, where he worked on with his life partner the philosopher and writer Simone de Beauvoir. Both Sartre and de Beauvoir was strongly committed politically against the French and international bourgeoisie, and especially against French…