Samurai ( Jap.?, buoys Jap. ??) was a secular feudal in feudal Japan, ranging from large sovereign princes (daimyo) and ending with small nobles, in the narrow and the most commonly used sense a military-feudal class of petty nobles. Although the word “samurai” and “bushi” is very close by meaning, but still “boo” (warrior ) is a broader concept, and it does not always apply to the samurai. An analogy is often drawn between the samurai and European medieval chivalry, but such a comparison is largely inaccurate. The very word “samurai” is derived from the verb saberu, literally meaning “to serve, to maintain,” i.e., Samurai is serviceman. Samurai was not…

Water Crisis research paper: According to studies by the World Health Organization, today more than two billion people suffer from water crisis. Experts predict that by 2015 the countries with chronic water shortage will house more than half the world’s population. Fresh water is rapidly becoming a scarce natural resource for in the XX century water consumption increased by 7 times, whereas the world’s population grew only by three times. Lack of water gives rise to a range of economic, social, and political problems that could undermine stability in the world and lead to global shocks. Research by the United Nations shows that more than half of the planet will…

Whales research paper: Whales (Latin name Cetacea) belong to the order of mammals, these animals are completely adapted to life under water. Artiodactyls and cetaceans are often referred to non-systematic cetartiodactylan group. Whales are the largest animals of all beings living on the Earth. The word “whale” as well as the scientific name “cetus” come from the Greek ketos which, means sea monster. Cetaceans, in particular whales, have the largest size among animals – blue kit has a body length of 25 m (the largest species reach 33 m ), and weight about 90-120 tons. The smallest cetaceans are tailed dolphin and Hector dolphin, they refer to old colorful dolphins…

Bibliotherapy research paper: Bibliotherapy or bibliographic therapy, also known as literature therapy, is a form of therapy in which the reading of books and discussions of the read is in focus. Bibliographic Therapeutic texts can be works of fiction or so-called self-help literature. Bibliographic therapy is not only designed for specific groups such as the mentally ill or unstable patients, but can be used by everyone. The emphasis is on increased well-being, which has a curative and healing effect during the time you are wondering what you read and perhaps discuss it with others. In this way, memories and experiences clothed in words provide help in understanding of particular heavy…

Free research paper on Scoliosis: Scoliosis is a curvature of the sinuous spine in all three planes of space: inclination in the frontal plane rotation of the vertebrae in the horizontal plane and inversion curves in the sagittal plane. This is a non- reducible deformation, unlike the scoliotic posture. It seems that the scoliosis has various origins: genetic, neurological, biomechanical, environmental, but not postural. Indeed, scoliosis is never the result of negligence or poor posture. It is a disease of its own uniquely linked to the growth of the spine. However, during periods of growth, poor posture can aggravate scoliosis already present (that is a seated position the deform vertebrae…

Free research paper on Neuroscience: Neuroscience denotes the scientific study of the nervous system, both in terms of its structure and its operation, from the molecular level to the level of organs such as the brain, or even the whole body. Appeared originally as a branch of biology, neuroscience has rapidly evolved into a more interdisciplinary discipline which are today at the crossroads of medical, psychological, chemical, computer sciences and mathematics. This enlargement of the conceptual and methodological arsenal of neuroscience goes with a variety of approaches in the study of the molecular, cellular, developmental, evolutional, anatomical, medical, physiological, genetic, cognitive, computational, or other aspects. In the mainstream media, neuroscience…

E-Cigarette Research Paper: The electronic cigarette or e-cigarette is an electromechanical or electronic device generating an aerosol to be inhaled. This aerosol visually resembles the smoke produced by burning tobacco. It can be flavored and may or may not contain nicotine. Unlike the smoke from a traditional cigarette, the vapor does not smell tobacco and, according to the first scientific studies, contains quantities of carcinogenic particles or toxic substances much smaller than tobacco. It is sometimes presented as a less harmful alternative to smoking or as a substitute for smoking cessation. Its use is still controversial. The concept of an electronic cigarette was prepared by Herbert A. Gilbert in 1963…

Free research paper on Andrew Carnegie: Andrew Carnegie (Dunfermline (Scotland) 25 November 1835 – Lenox (Massachusetts) August 11, 1919) is a Scottish industrialist and philanthropist, naturalized American. Andrew Carnegie was born 25 November 1835 in Dunfermline, Scotland, the first son of William and Margaret Union Carnegie. His father participated in Chartism, social movement whose goal is to improve the living conditions of workers in Britain. While his father’s business was in jeopardy, his family emigrated to the USA in 1848, when he was thirteen, Andrew Carnegie moved to Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Having begun in the textile industry as a simple worker, he decided to educate himself up reading books in libraries…

Nepotism research paper: Nepotism (from Lat. Nepos, Nepotis – grandson, nephew) is a favoritism (e.g., when assigning to a post) rendered to relatives or friends, without taking into account their professional skills. In a narrower sense, it is distribution by popes profitable positions, the highest ecclesiastical titles, or lands to close relatives in order to strengthen their power. The phenomenon was widespread in the XV-XVI centuries. Nepotism originated in the Middle Ages, when the popes, concerning about the consolidation of their power, began distributing the highest church positions, primarily cardinal’s hat, to their relatives. The first were their nephews, hence the name of nepotism. Later, especially in the XV-XVI centuries,…

Anesthesia research paper: The word “anesthesia” comes from the Greek ????????: ability to perceive through the senses, combined with alpha (?) privative and nu (?) euphonious. Anesthesia may affect one member, a part, or the whole body (general anesthesia). Anesthesia is the suppression of feelings (especially the pain). It aims to make possible a medical procedure that otherwise would be too painful. The local anesthesia is performed in cases of chronic pain. The phenomenon of anesthesia may occur due to lesions of sensitive nerve pathways at any level: from perceiving peripheral centers to the brain. If the conductivity is not lost, but is reduced, there is decrease in sensitivity, i.e.,…